Functions in the Human Body

Functions in the Human BodyPart ADigestive SystemThe digestive constitution is the strategy of organs that takes diet in, the digestive system is a set of organs that transforms whatever we eat into substances that move be used in the corpse for competency, fruit and repair. The main functions of the digestive system argon ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defection. reader (Class Notes 2015)Explain the functions of each(prenominal) part of the digestive system identified in the plat above?The M tabuhThe m byh is the first portion of the alimentary c anal that receives food and saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth. The expectoration is a muscular organ and has some taste buds, which argon accountable for the tastes sweet, sour, bitter and salt. You would pick up a range of different flavours as the tongue moves the food around the mouth. The food in your mouth moves from tooth to tooth to fetch it do into a pulp w ith the serve of saliva. The tongue would then pass the pulp (bolus) down the throat.There be quatern types of odontiasis. Individually they have their own functions in the breakdown of food. The first would be the incisors, there argon four in each jaw. They ar sharp, chisel shaped teeth that are used for cutting and biting. Next to these on two sides are the tailines, canines are cone shaped teeth frequently called the eye-tooth. They have a sharp contingent and you would use them to tear food. Theres to in each jaw. Next are the premolars, there are four of them in each jaw, they would be used for crushing and crunching of food. There blunt broad teeth with two sharp ridges. Molars are similar to premolars and are six to each jaw, they are also blunt broad teeth and have a sizeabler come out of the closet area. Each has four surface points. The salivary secretory organs there are three split of the salivary gland you have the parotid gland that is situated below th e ear, the submandibular and the sublingual gland, they are situated below the tongue. Liquid called saliva is secreted from them. It contains water, mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate the food with mucus, making it easier to swallow.The OesophagusIts a muscular tube-shaped structure that leads from the pharynx to the stomach. The food moves through it by a muscular obtainion known as peristalsis. Its part of the digestive system. It is the tube that carries food from your mouth to the stomach. The vigours contract and relax creating a wave comparable motion on the tube. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease and embrocate the passage of food. Once food touches the end of the oesophagus it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter.The StomachThe stomach is a C-shaped elastic sac. The wall of the stomach is a sort out of layers of muscle fibre with an inner mucous membrane. The mucous membrane has a lot of doublings called rugae. When the stomach is beat is will stretch out allowing expansion, then it would contract when it empties. When the stomach is full it can hold up to approx. 4 litres (1 gallon) of food.The LiverThe surviver has numerous functions, its main function inside the digestive system is to act upon the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays a significant place in digesting fat. The liver only makes bitterness.The GallbladderThe gallbladder is a pear-shaped deep structure hardened under the liver and on the duty side of the abdomen. Its main function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow / brown digestive enzyme formed by the liver. The gallbladder is part of the biliary tract.The PancreasThe pancreas is a grey pink gland organ its placed in the upper abdomen, it lies behind the stomach and intestines (guts). It is virtually the size of a hand. The pancreas has to major functions, one of them is to make digestive enzymes which dish out us to digest food. Enzymes are special chemicals which help speed up your bodys does. The second one makes hormones which regulate our metabolism. Hormones are chemicals that can be released into the bloodstream.The Large IntestineThe large intestine is a thick tube thats approximately 1.5 metres (5 feet) long it receives yen from the small intestine, it hangs around the small intestine in an arch shape. It involves the blind gut, colon, rectum, and the anal canal. The colon holds bacterium which breaks down any remaining food and makes some significant vitamins. It also deals with yearn within the body.Small IntestineThe small intestine is approximately six metres (18 feet) long. 90% of the digestive process takes place here in the small intestine. Its a coiled tube that has three parts which are the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. The wall of the whole of the small intestine is significantly folded, each of the villi contains more t han projections called microvilli that absorbs food and passes it onto the capillaries. Muscles of the walls contract and relax so that the villi sway about.AppendixThe appendix is a narrow tube attached to caecum and it is about 9 cm long. The appendix is not a vital organ you can live without it. The appendix sits at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, the appendix sits in the lower right abdomen. The function of the appendix is unknown. A theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria rebooting the digestive system afterwards diarrheal illnesses.RectumThe rectum is a short straight section of the alimentary canal, it leads from the colon to the anus and thus to the outside world. A human rectum is approximately 12cm long.The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine. It is usually empty only receiving the contents of the colon called faeces when they are ready to be passed out of the anus.The AnusThe anus start s at the bottom of the rectum. The anorectal line separates the anus from the rectum. Tissue called fascia surrounds the anus and joins it to nearby structures. Circular muscles named the external sphincter form the wall of the anus and hold it closed. The glands in your body discharge fluid into the anus to keeps it surfaces moist.Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and develop how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body.Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are all in the body. Protein helps the body to grow, it builds muscle and gives you zero. Protein accounts for 16% of a psyches total body weight the reason for this is because connective weave, skin, hair and muscle are all make up from protein. Carbohydrates are sugars the body uses for energy, simple carbohydrates give the body energetic energy. Fat is also another way it helps the body grow, your body needs fat to process vitamins. unsaturated and monosaturated fats are good for your bod y.SourceFunctionDigestionProteinsFishRed MeatBeansDairy ProductsThe functions of protein are to help the body to grow and repairs any damage done to your body .i.e. Cuts.The Stomach the enzymes pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach faulting it down into large polypeptides.The Small Intestine- enzymes from the pancreas, trypsin, and chymotrypsin break the large polypeptides into smaller chains. Finally the small intestine breaks up the small polypeptides into individual amino acids ready for absorption.FatsDairy ProductsMeatOlive oilAvocadosSunflower oilThe functions of fat are to help the body grow.In the small intestine, fat are emulsified by bile salts from the liver. Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol ready for absorption.CarbohydratesRicePotatoesPastaCerealsFlourThe functions of carbohydrates are a release of energySalivary amylase creates the breakdown of polysaccharides in the mouth.Part BDraw a diagram of a typical stal l, and state the function of each of its organelles?Cells are the most important units of life. Our bodies contain over 100 trillion booths, they do everything in a human body from providing structure and stability to providing energy and a means of reproduction. reader (Class Notes 2015)Cell membraneThe cell membrane forms the outer edge of the cell and allows certain materials move in or out of the cell.CytoplasmCytoplasm is a gel-like material inside the cell that contains water and nutrients for the cell.NucleusThe nucleus directs the activity of the cell and contains chromosomes with DNA that contains all genetic information. atomic MembraneNuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.RibosomesRibosomes make protein for the cell.Golgi BodyGolgi bodies are used in the cell for packaging and secreting of energy.LysosomesLysosomes are chemicals that are used to digest crazy.VacuolesVacuoles are storage areas for the cell.MitochondriaMitochondria breaks down food an d releases energy to the cell, its like a powerhouse as it provides the cell with energy.Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum moves materials around the cell. straighten out create from raw materials into the four main groups epithelial, connective, muscle, and neuronic, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice)There are four main waver groups within the body, there are some functions and examples below for the four main groups of wander within the body. All four cells work in concert in the body.Type Of TissueFunction drillEpithelialThe functions of the epithelial are that the epithelial cell from the skin protects underlying tissue from injuries, harmful chemicals, encroaching(a) bacteria and excessive loss of water. A sensory stimulus penetrates specialised epithelial cells.Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body and aid protection absorption and secretion, its made of closely jammed cells. The cells are arranged in continuous flat sheets. They form the covering of all body surfaces. connectiveThe function of the connective tissue is to join bodily structures like bones and muscles together and it holds the tissue together in their place.Connective tissue connects all other tissues in the body. It consists of many different types of cells in the body and is surrounded by non-living fluid.MuscleThe functions of muscle tissue are that muscle tissue is a light tissue that composes muscles and provides rise to muscles. Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body.Muscle tissue is tissue that contracts and relax there are 3 types in the body, the skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue.NervousThe functions of nervous tissue are to form communications network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals.The nervous tissue forms the organs of the nervous system its made up of a special kind of cell called a neuron its also called a nerve cell. Nerve cells are long and narrow. A human has 100 billion nerve cells.Ref (Class Notes 2015)(www.google.co.uk)Explain the difference between benignant and malignant neoplasms?A tumour develops when a group of cells leakage from their normal placely process of cell division and they begin to multiply in an uncontrolled way, after a while plenty of these abnormal cells will be produced to form a lump, that is called a growth or a tumour. Two important differences between benign and malignant tumours are invasion and spread. kindlyBenign tumours do not spread they can grow to a very large size, but it wouldnt go to other parts of the body. Benign tumours push the surrounding normal tissues and organs out of their way. Occasionally pressure from a benign tumour could damage surrounding structures but the benign tumour never invades into those structures. There are several hundred different types of benign tumours that can develop in our bodies.MalignantMalignant Tumours have the power to spread by sending off seeling s of tumour which can pass through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. The Seedlings would then gruntle in other organs and form what are called secondary tumours or metastases. A malignant mind tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other parts of the brain and spine, brain tumours are evaluate between 1 and 4, and a malignant brain tumour is either grade 3 or 4. Most malignant tumours are secondary cancers that mean it starts in one part of the body and spreads to the brain. The essential tumours are the ones that start in the brain. The word cancer only relates to malignant tumours. With malignant tumours it eats absent and destroys the normal tissue around the affected area in which it has started off at.The difference between benign and malignant tumours is that a benign tumour is non-cancerous were as a malignant tumour is cancerous. If has nothing to do with frequency in some of the organs of the body, benign tumours can be very large in si ze were a cancerous tumour can be very small.Ref (Class Notes 2015)(www.google.co.uk)Part CLabel the urinary system using the diagram overleaf.The urinary system is one of the humans bodys waste disposal units and its filtration unit. It contains the kidneys, ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder and the urethra. The urinary system helps empty the body from potentially harmful waste substances like urea and alcohol. It does this through filtration and excretion.Explain the structure and function of each agent of the urinary system?The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The major function of the urinary system is to get rid of all waste products and excess fluid from the body. The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system. The urinary system produces a hormone which is responsible for controlling the rate at which red blood cells are made and an enzyme is responsible for controlling blood pressure. deep down each kidney there are approximately 1 million tiny nephrons, they are the units that clean the blood. All of the functions are needed for helping the body to harbor homeostasis also known as balance.Urinary SystemStructureFunctionKidneysThe structures of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra they all work together in the body. The kidneys are dark red, bean-shaped organs, its about 11cm long Inside each kidney there a 1 million tiny nephrons.The functions of the kidneys that they filter blood in order to get rid of wastes and excess water. The waste and water would be excreted as urine. The kidneys filter about two hundred quarts of blood a day and produces about 2 quarts of waste and extra fluid.UretersThe structure of the ureters is that the ureters are tubes made up of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.The functions of the ureters is that the ureters is the tube that carries urine from the ki dneys to the bladder, all humankind have two ureters one is attached to each kidney.BladderThe structures of the bladder is that sometimes its called the urinary bladder its a sac-like organ in the pelvic cavity.The functions of the bladder are the bladder is a reservoir for urine. The bladder has an internal sphincter that relaxes when the walls contract, thus opening and emptying the urine into the urethra.UrethraThe structure of the urethra is that its a narrow tube passing from the bladder to the outside of the body. Its shorter in women making them more susceptible to infection.The function of the urethra is to take urine from inside the body (the bladder) to outside. In men the urethra is the passage for semen.Ref (www.google.co.uk) (Class Notes 2015)Draw the structure of a nephron and explain how it produces urine?A nephron is an important working(a) part of the kidneys. Both kidneys have around a million minute nephrons. Nephrons reside in the cerebral mantle and medulla it produces urine from filtrate, filtrate is the fluid that remains in the nephron after filtration its then upstage from the bloodstream passing it to the bladder, a nephron is an intricate structure in the body it serves two purposes it filters and removes waste products and maintains the bodys water supply.Ref (Class Notes 2015)Name and explain three diseases / disorders which affect the urinary system?There are a lot of diseases and disorders that affect the urinary system in different ways.Kidney StonesKidney stones are deposits of substances found in urine and would form solid stones in the renal pelvis, bladder or the ureters. It can be extremely painful and if they needed removing it would be done by surgery.GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular kidney disease in the kidneys the filters become inflamed and scarred and would slowly lose their ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood to produce urine.CystitisCystitis is an inflammation on the bladder and would cause a person pain when passing urine. Sometimes its caused from infection. Its very common in women because of the part of the shorter space of the female urethra.Ref (Class Notes 2015)Nicole OBrien