Functions in the Human Body

Functions in the Human BodyPart ADigestive SystemThe digestive constitution is the strategy of organs that takes diet in, the digestive system is a set of organs that transforms whatever we eat into substances that move be used in the corpse for competency, fruit and repair. The main functions of the digestive system argon ingestion, digestion, absorption, and defection. reader (Class Notes 2015)Explain the functions of each(prenominal) part of the digestive system identified in the plat above?The M tabuhThe m byh is the first portion of the alimentary c anal that receives food and saliva. The oral mucosa is the mucous membrane epithelium lining the inside of the mouth. The expectoration is a muscular organ and has some taste buds, which argon accountable for the tastes sweet, sour, bitter and salt. You would pick up a range of different flavours as the tongue moves the food around the mouth. The food in your mouth moves from tooth to tooth to fetch it do into a pulp w ith the serve of saliva. The tongue would then pass the pulp (bolus) down the throat.There be quatern types of odontiasis. Individually they have their own functions in the breakdown of food. The first would be the incisors, there argon four in each jaw. They ar sharp, chisel shaped teeth that are used for cutting and biting. Next to these on two sides are the tailines, canines are cone shaped teeth frequently called the eye-tooth. They have a sharp contingent and you would use them to tear food. Theres to in each jaw. Next are the premolars, there are four of them in each jaw, they would be used for crushing and crunching of food. There blunt broad teeth with two sharp ridges. Molars are similar to premolars and are six to each jaw, they are also blunt broad teeth and have a sizeabler come out of the closet area. Each has four surface points. The salivary secretory organs there are three split of the salivary gland you have the parotid gland that is situated below th e ear, the submandibular and the sublingual gland, they are situated below the tongue. Liquid called saliva is secreted from them. It contains water, mucus and the enzyme salivary amylase. The function of saliva is to lubricate the food with mucus, making it easier to swallow.The OesophagusIts a muscular tube-shaped structure that leads from the pharynx to the stomach. The food moves through it by a muscular obtainion known as peristalsis. Its part of the digestive system. It is the tube that carries food from your mouth to the stomach. The vigours contract and relax creating a wave comparable motion on the tube. The lining of the oesophagus secretes mucus to ease and embrocate the passage of food. Once food touches the end of the oesophagus it presses against the cardioesophageal sphincter.The StomachThe stomach is a C-shaped elastic sac. The wall of the stomach is a sort out of layers of muscle fibre with an inner mucous membrane. The mucous membrane has a lot of doublings called rugae. When the stomach is beat is will stretch out allowing expansion, then it would contract when it empties. When the stomach is full it can hold up to approx. 4 litres (1 gallon) of food.The LiverThe surviver has numerous functions, its main function inside the digestive system is to act upon the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine. Bile from the liver secreted into the small intestine also plays a significant place in digesting fat. The liver only makes bitterness.The GallbladderThe gallbladder is a pear-shaped deep structure hardened under the liver and on the duty side of the abdomen. Its main function is to store and concentrate bile, a yellow / brown digestive enzyme formed by the liver. The gallbladder is part of the biliary tract.The PancreasThe pancreas is a grey pink gland organ its placed in the upper abdomen, it lies behind the stomach and intestines (guts). It is virtually the size of a hand. The pancreas has to major functions, one of them is to make digestive enzymes which dish out us to digest food. Enzymes are special chemicals which help speed up your bodys does. The second one makes hormones which regulate our metabolism. Hormones are chemicals that can be released into the bloodstream.The Large IntestineThe large intestine is a thick tube thats approximately 1.5 metres (5 feet) long it receives yen from the small intestine, it hangs around the small intestine in an arch shape. It involves the blind gut, colon, rectum, and the anal canal. The colon holds bacterium which breaks down any remaining food and makes some significant vitamins. It also deals with yearn within the body.Small IntestineThe small intestine is approximately six metres (18 feet) long. 90% of the digestive process takes place here in the small intestine. Its a coiled tube that has three parts which are the duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. The wall of the whole of the small intestine is significantly folded, each of the villi contains more t han projections called microvilli that absorbs food and passes it onto the capillaries. Muscles of the walls contract and relax so that the villi sway about.AppendixThe appendix is a narrow tube attached to caecum and it is about 9 cm long. The appendix is not a vital organ you can live without it. The appendix sits at the junction of the small intestine and the large intestine, the appendix sits in the lower right abdomen. The function of the appendix is unknown. A theory is that the appendix acts as a storehouse for good bacteria rebooting the digestive system afterwards diarrheal illnesses.RectumThe rectum is a short straight section of the alimentary canal, it leads from the colon to the anus and thus to the outside world. A human rectum is approximately 12cm long.The rectum is a chamber that begins at the end of the large intestine. It is usually empty only receiving the contents of the colon called faeces when they are ready to be passed out of the anus.The AnusThe anus start s at the bottom of the rectum. The anorectal line separates the anus from the rectum. Tissue called fascia surrounds the anus and joins it to nearby structures. Circular muscles named the external sphincter form the wall of the anus and hold it closed. The glands in your body discharge fluid into the anus to keeps it surfaces moist.Outline the composition of Proteins, Fats and Carbohydrates, and develop how each of them are digested and absorbed by the body.Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are all in the body. Protein helps the body to grow, it builds muscle and gives you zero. Protein accounts for 16% of a psyches total body weight the reason for this is because connective weave, skin, hair and muscle are all make up from protein. Carbohydrates are sugars the body uses for energy, simple carbohydrates give the body energetic energy. Fat is also another way it helps the body grow, your body needs fat to process vitamins. unsaturated and monosaturated fats are good for your bod y.SourceFunctionDigestionProteinsFishRed MeatBeansDairy ProductsThe functions of protein are to help the body to grow and repairs any damage done to your body .i.e. Cuts.The Stomach the enzymes pepsin begins the digestion of proteins in the stomach faulting it down into large polypeptides.The Small Intestine- enzymes from the pancreas, trypsin, and chymotrypsin break the large polypeptides into smaller chains. Finally the small intestine breaks up the small polypeptides into individual amino acids ready for absorption.FatsDairy ProductsMeatOlive oilAvocadosSunflower oilThe functions of fat are to help the body grow.In the small intestine, fat are emulsified by bile salts from the liver. Lipase from the pancreas breaks down fat into fatty acids and glycerol ready for absorption.CarbohydratesRicePotatoesPastaCerealsFlourThe functions of carbohydrates are a release of energySalivary amylase creates the breakdown of polysaccharides in the mouth.Part BDraw a diagram of a typical stal l, and state the function of each of its organelles?Cells are the most important units of life. Our bodies contain over 100 trillion booths, they do everything in a human body from providing structure and stability to providing energy and a means of reproduction. reader (Class Notes 2015)Cell membraneThe cell membrane forms the outer edge of the cell and allows certain materials move in or out of the cell.CytoplasmCytoplasm is a gel-like material inside the cell that contains water and nutrients for the cell.NucleusThe nucleus directs the activity of the cell and contains chromosomes with DNA that contains all genetic information. atomic MembraneNuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.RibosomesRibosomes make protein for the cell.Golgi BodyGolgi bodies are used in the cell for packaging and secreting of energy.LysosomesLysosomes are chemicals that are used to digest crazy.VacuolesVacuoles are storage areas for the cell.MitochondriaMitochondria breaks down food an d releases energy to the cell, its like a powerhouse as it provides the cell with energy.Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum moves materials around the cell. straighten out create from raw materials into the four main groups epithelial, connective, muscle, and neuronic, give an example of each? (Table format will suffice)There are four main waver groups within the body, there are some functions and examples below for the four main groups of wander within the body. All four cells work in concert in the body.Type Of TissueFunction drillEpithelialThe functions of the epithelial are that the epithelial cell from the skin protects underlying tissue from injuries, harmful chemicals, encroaching(a) bacteria and excessive loss of water. A sensory stimulus penetrates specialised epithelial cells.Epithelial tissue is widespread throughout the body and aid protection absorption and secretion, its made of closely jammed cells. The cells are arranged in continuous flat sheets. They form the covering of all body surfaces. connectiveThe function of the connective tissue is to join bodily structures like bones and muscles together and it holds the tissue together in their place.Connective tissue connects all other tissues in the body. It consists of many different types of cells in the body and is surrounded by non-living fluid.MuscleThe functions of muscle tissue are that muscle tissue is a light tissue that composes muscles and provides rise to muscles. Muscle tissue varies with function and location in the body.Muscle tissue is tissue that contracts and relax there are 3 types in the body, the skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue.NervousThe functions of nervous tissue are to form communications network of the nervous system by conducting electric signals.The nervous tissue forms the organs of the nervous system its made up of a special kind of cell called a neuron its also called a nerve cell. Nerve cells are long and narrow. A human has 100 billion nerve cells.Ref (Class Notes 2015)(www.google.co.uk)Explain the difference between benignant and malignant neoplasms?A tumour develops when a group of cells leakage from their normal placely process of cell division and they begin to multiply in an uncontrolled way, after a while plenty of these abnormal cells will be produced to form a lump, that is called a growth or a tumour. Two important differences between benign and malignant tumours are invasion and spread. kindlyBenign tumours do not spread they can grow to a very large size, but it wouldnt go to other parts of the body. Benign tumours push the surrounding normal tissues and organs out of their way. Occasionally pressure from a benign tumour could damage surrounding structures but the benign tumour never invades into those structures. There are several hundred different types of benign tumours that can develop in our bodies.MalignantMalignant Tumours have the power to spread by sending off seeling s of tumour which can pass through the blood or lymphatic system to other parts of the body. The Seedlings would then gruntle in other organs and form what are called secondary tumours or metastases. A malignant mind tumour is a fast-growing cancer that spreads to other parts of the brain and spine, brain tumours are evaluate between 1 and 4, and a malignant brain tumour is either grade 3 or 4. Most malignant tumours are secondary cancers that mean it starts in one part of the body and spreads to the brain. The essential tumours are the ones that start in the brain. The word cancer only relates to malignant tumours. With malignant tumours it eats absent and destroys the normal tissue around the affected area in which it has started off at.The difference between benign and malignant tumours is that a benign tumour is non-cancerous were as a malignant tumour is cancerous. If has nothing to do with frequency in some of the organs of the body, benign tumours can be very large in si ze were a cancerous tumour can be very small.Ref (Class Notes 2015)(www.google.co.uk)Part CLabel the urinary system using the diagram overleaf.The urinary system is one of the humans bodys waste disposal units and its filtration unit. It contains the kidneys, ureters (tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder), the bladder and the urethra. The urinary system helps empty the body from potentially harmful waste substances like urea and alcohol. It does this through filtration and excretion.Explain the structure and function of each agent of the urinary system?The urinary system consists of the kidneys, the ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The major function of the urinary system is to get rid of all waste products and excess fluid from the body. The kidneys are the main organs of the urinary system. The urinary system produces a hormone which is responsible for controlling the rate at which red blood cells are made and an enzyme is responsible for controlling blood pressure. deep down each kidney there are approximately 1 million tiny nephrons, they are the units that clean the blood. All of the functions are needed for helping the body to harbor homeostasis also known as balance.Urinary SystemStructureFunctionKidneysThe structures of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra they all work together in the body. The kidneys are dark red, bean-shaped organs, its about 11cm long Inside each kidney there a 1 million tiny nephrons.The functions of the kidneys that they filter blood in order to get rid of wastes and excess water. The waste and water would be excreted as urine. The kidneys filter about two hundred quarts of blood a day and produces about 2 quarts of waste and extra fluid.UretersThe structure of the ureters is that the ureters are tubes made up of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.The functions of the ureters is that the ureters is the tube that carries urine from the ki dneys to the bladder, all humankind have two ureters one is attached to each kidney.BladderThe structures of the bladder is that sometimes its called the urinary bladder its a sac-like organ in the pelvic cavity.The functions of the bladder are the bladder is a reservoir for urine. The bladder has an internal sphincter that relaxes when the walls contract, thus opening and emptying the urine into the urethra.UrethraThe structure of the urethra is that its a narrow tube passing from the bladder to the outside of the body. Its shorter in women making them more susceptible to infection.The function of the urethra is to take urine from inside the body (the bladder) to outside. In men the urethra is the passage for semen.Ref (www.google.co.uk) (Class Notes 2015)Draw the structure of a nephron and explain how it produces urine?A nephron is an important working(a) part of the kidneys. Both kidneys have around a million minute nephrons. Nephrons reside in the cerebral mantle and medulla it produces urine from filtrate, filtrate is the fluid that remains in the nephron after filtration its then upstage from the bloodstream passing it to the bladder, a nephron is an intricate structure in the body it serves two purposes it filters and removes waste products and maintains the bodys water supply.Ref (Class Notes 2015)Name and explain three diseases / disorders which affect the urinary system?There are a lot of diseases and disorders that affect the urinary system in different ways.Kidney StonesKidney stones are deposits of substances found in urine and would form solid stones in the renal pelvis, bladder or the ureters. It can be extremely painful and if they needed removing it would be done by surgery.GlomerulonephritisGlomerulonephritis is a type of glomerular kidney disease in the kidneys the filters become inflamed and scarred and would slowly lose their ability to remove waste and excess fluid from the blood to produce urine.CystitisCystitis is an inflammation on the bladder and would cause a person pain when passing urine. Sometimes its caused from infection. Its very common in women because of the part of the shorter space of the female urethra.Ref (Class Notes 2015)Nicole OBrien

The Importance of Heritage Conservation

The Importance of inheritance savingHeritage saving is of import for identifying, recording, analysing and harboring hereditary pattern and cultural resources. Conservation of hereditary pattern constructions is an all-important(prenominal) tool in metropolis increase which wad be seen in some(a) cities in the demesne. It plays an important role to define the landmark within the hereditary pattern world as well as to generate economic return and to support the tourism industry. Conservation of inheritance grammatical constructions is very important because it put forwards a sense of identity and continuity in a fast ever-changing world for future generations.Heritage buildings basically represent the past history and culture of a nation. They incorporate together the architectural hereditary pattern of an argona. Heritage buildings possess diachronical values resulting from their comely architecture and their correlation with important events that occurred in t he inheritance domain of a function such(prenominal) as religious, social and political events. Heritage buildings atomic number 18 subjected to processes of adulteration with time, which leads to a situation in which they became not able to fulfil the purpose for which they were built. For example, in Canada more(prenominal) or less 20 percent of pre-1920 heritage buildings to demolition over the last 30 years has been confounded (Heritage Canada initiation website, 20 December 2012).Therefore, heritage buildings need an important tool to protect them. Conservation guidelines of heritage buildings are iodine of the proposed resolutions for protecting heritage buildings. The absence of these guidelines leads inevitably to deterioration of heritage buildings. They must be created and create to ensure that some(prenominal) important changes in preservation work are undertaken in the most slip agency possible to preserve the heritage structures, historic character and f eatures. They prevent the random works that have dole fall out in the preservation projects of heritage buildings. On this basis, preservation guidelines for moderniseing and utilizing these properties must be established.Libya is a prize chest of historic and ancient cultures. Great civilizations flourished in the country, including Phoenician, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic. They all left lasting imprints of their cultures. Libya has five ordained UNESCO cultural heritage sites. The five sites added to the World Heritage List between 1982 and 1986 provide a suck in illustration that Libya has a heritage whose incalculable value belongs to all humanity. The aged city of Ghadames (OCG) is ane of the formalized UNESCO cultural heritage sites that Libya has. The OCG is a major depart from city and played an important role as a cultural and trade centre between the Mediterranean and Africa for over 1400 years. It was declared a world heritage site by UNESCO in 1986 in r ecognition of its rich cultural heritage.Tourism plays an important role in the senescent city of Ghadames with some visitors from all over the world coming to escort the Annual Festival of Dates which is held in October. The conservation of heritage buildings of the obsolete city of Ghadames will preserve and rejuvenate a valuable piece of Libyas heritage and overly contribute to the development of the city as an important tourist destination. This explore attempts to measure out the overall morphological virtue of the heritage buildings of the doddery city of Ghadames as well as provide and develop conservation procedures and guidelines for repairing and conserving heritage buildings of the sr. city of Ghadames, world heritage site.Problem StatementsDefects of heritage buildings can result from the degradation of the construction materials or from the damage of the heritage building elements due to mechanical actions. Heritage buildings are subject to process of degra dation with time. In other words, the degradation of the construction materials is a process that develops naturally with time, and can be accelerated by chemical, fleshly or biological actions. For this reason, several(prenominal) explorees were conducted all over the world to prize the actual conditions of heritage buildings. For instance, A Ghafar Ahmad et al. (2008) assessed the existing conditions of heritage buildings in Malaysia with the main focus on the conditions of building defects and conservation approach used for these buildings. The question found that most of the defects that occur in heritage buildings in Malaysia were at external walls followed by essential walls and etc.Other explore by Hashimah Shuhana (2005) where the two researchers assessed the strength of the disused shophouses and the impending factors that threaten the continuous presence of these heritage buildings Malaysian town. The findings indicated that the practice of conserving the emerit us shophouses is still not utile. A more effective measure in preserving the grey-haired shophouses needs to be undertaken. In growth, Itma M. A., (2007) assessed the situations of conservation projects in Palestine especially in the old city of Nablus. He found that heritage buildings of the old city of Nablus, Palestine, suffer from many random preservation.Although defects of heritage buildings can result from the degradation of the construction materials or from the damage of the heritage building elements due to mechanical actions. However, there is another risk which threatens the sustainability of the heritage buildings. Move of inhabitants of heritage buildings to modern concrete buildings with modern amenities is also a great risk that leads to heritage buildings deterioration. When inhabitants live in the heritage buildings, their houses are well maintained some continue to be in excellent conditions and are correctly cared for. If inhabitants stay in their heritage ho uses, they surely perform maintenance works periodically. In contrast, if they abandon their heritage houses, it will lose its vitality. This occurred in many heritage cities in the world. For example, many people moved outdoor(a) from the neighbourhood of Le Village in Cornwall, Ontario in Canada and sold their homes to investors who rented them out, when the textile mills in the area shut their doors. The layoff of many residents of Le Village marked the beginning of the deterioration of the communitys physical conditions. To resolve this puzzle, Friedman et al. (2002) real urban and architectural guidelines for conservation of the neighbourhood of Le Village in Cornwall, Ontario.Another example occurred in China, when many younger and richer residents have moved from the old city of Yangzhou to the new city areas due to the deteriorating physical conditions of the heritage buildings. To make people return back to the old city of Yangzhou, Longbin (2007) demonstrable a expati ate design guideline for the whole old city Yangzhou in China. Like these events occurred also in the old city of Ghadames, Libya when the inhabitants moved out of their heritage houses of the old city to modern city in the archaeozoic 1980s. Since then, the United Nations growth Programme (UNDP) has carried out a project on the old city of Ghadames its accusive was to encourage and motivate the inhabitants to come back to the old city. The project was completed in 2004 as bug out of the Tourism Master Plan (United Nations Development Programme and UNDP Office for Project Services Report, 2007). Even though the project maintained source of water (Ain Al-Faras), restored some heritage buildings and repaired streets. However, right now the inhabitants have not come back to the old city yet. This is also confirm by UNESCO Report (2010) where the report mentioned that the old city of Ghadames has not yet seen the return of its inhabitants.Based on the above, assessment of the overal l structural integrity of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya is very important before developing the conservation guidelines for heritage buildings in the old city. Furthermore, there is a satisfying want of researches conducted on the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames in ill will of its heritage importance. Even though few studies were done on the old city and the modern city of Ghadames. However, none of them assessed the overall structural integrity of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames. Additionally, none of them attempted to develop conservation guidelines to protect the heritage buildings of the old city. Some of research studies were carried out by Chojnacki, (2003) Elwefati, (2007) and Nura S. et al. (2006).Besides that there is a lack of expertise and specific conservation guidelines for heritage buildings in the old city of Ghadames resulted of dilemma in the management of the municipality to prese rve the heritage buildings. The level of understanding of the heritage buildings in Libya still remains low. Without any documentation the beauty of the heritage buildings will be lost due to age factor and temper change. Lack of expertise in the maintenance of heritage buildings is also a source of beautiful heritage buildings are damaged or destroyed. There is a lack of technical knowledge to repair and maintain heritage buildings in the old city of Ghadames.Since late 1980s, several studies on the conservation of heritage building of the old city of Ghadames have been undertaken with the assistance of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and specialized (UN) agencies and other private or government entities. However, none of these studies have led to any concrete steps or conservation of heritage buildings of the old city in translating the plans into specific actions (UNDP Report, 2001). So far, no guideline on conservation guidelines for preserving heritage building s of the old city of Ghadames has been developed in spite of its importance to protect heritage buildings (Arrabti, 2011 Al-Hasi, 2011). This was confirmed by Azzuz (2000) where the researcher has confirmed non-existence of any guidelines to maintain and raise the character and integrity of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames.Based on the discussion above, the main problem of this research results from the lack of (1) Studies conducted on conservation of heritage buildings in Libya, (2) expertise and specific guidelines for heritage buildings in the old city of Ghadames, and (3) a suitable system in force for discovering and recording the heritage buildings in Libya. Therefore, the current research aims at identifying problems encountered in the heritage buildings in the old city of Ghadames, and suggests some conservation guidelines and references for the conservation of heritage buildings in the old city and which are all gazetted as national heritage buildings. Po licies and guidelines to be provided are generally and specifically on an analysis of the heritage buildings. question QuestionsBased on the research problem statements, the research questions chiefly focus on the following areasIs there any structural damage in the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya?How to repair and maintain the structural damages of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya?Is there any conservation guidelines on heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya?Objectives of the interrogationThe main thesis objective is to assess the overall structural integrity of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames as well as provide and develop conservation procedures and guidelines for repairing and conserving heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site. The objectives of this research areTo assess the overall structural integrity of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya.To provide conservation procedures for repairing and maintaining the structural damages of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya.To develop the conservation guidelines and insurance policy for the improvement and conservation of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames, world heritage site, Libya.Scope of the ResearchConservation of heritage sites includes generally, buildings, artefacts, structures, areas and precincts of historic, aesthetic, architectural, cultural or milieually significant nature (heritage buildings and heritage precincts), natural feature areas of environmental entailment or the sites of scenic beauty. The research does not discuss heritage in general, but mainly focuses on the built environment. The economic and social aspects are mentioned, but are not the main accent in this research. For instance, when discussing about the imp act of conservation on the economy, the built environment is regarded as the main emphasis.The defined scope of the research is then conservation of heritage buildings in Libya. Heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames were elect as a representative city for conservation of heritage buildings in Libya. This was done so that to manoeuver its past, present and its future possibilities. The old city of Ghadames is one of the most typical tourism cities in Libya. This research does not cover all heritage cities in Libya, but the case of the old city of Ghadames has some characteristics and features with other heritage cities. Namely, the present research covers heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames including houses, mosques, and shops. Public buildings and the surrounding environment of the heritage area of the old city of Ghadames are not addressed by this research. Therefore, the study focuses on heritage houses, mosques, and shops of the old city of Ghadames as one o f the famous places of the Ghadames heritage area.1.6 Significance of the ResearchThe import of the research results from the historical importance of the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames. Heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames are an interesting case for investigation because the old city is considered one of the most prominent tourist destinations, and one of the most beautiful heritage cities in the desert. It has been recognized by several important international organizations such as the UNESCO and the Organization of World Heritage Cities. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has classified the old city of Ghadames like a heritage city and protected by the organisation in 1986, and classified it the third oldest city in the world (United Nations Development Programme and the UNDP Office for Project Services Report, 2007).The significance of this research also in high spiritslights from the architectural design o f the heritage buildings of the old city which makes the old city of Ghadames important for studying its heritage buildings. The architecture of the heritage buildings of the old city is focused on resolving the climate problem and privacy. According to Nura S. et al., (2006), most of the people leave their houses in the new town of Ghadames and migrate to the old town and other cities during the summer, because the material of building construction and the air-conditioning in modern houses is unable to cope with the fiery heat of the desert and only the clay houses of the old town maintaining a degree of coolness, in summer-time the old town is still comfortable for living because of the good shelter against the extreme desert heat.In addition, the old city of Ghadames is located in desert regions. Therefore, it can be seen that its buildings are designed with flat roofs, depressed openings, and heavy weight materials such as dried mud. The thick exterior roof and walls help to pull temperature fluctuations and, therefore, keep internal temperatures from rising above the outside surface temperature. An important function of the roof is its colour. A white or light coloured roof will stay approximately the analogous temperature as the outdoor air during the day, and 6-10 Celsius cooler than the outside air at dark. This is an important feature because the cooler night times air will be channelled down by the slope of the roof and into the rooms in the building. One function of the small openings is to prevent dust from entering buildings. Windows are arranged so that relate areas are open on the windward and leeward sides of the building. The reason for this is very simple the air rain buckets can be directed into rooms that need constant ventilation such as the bedroom. When one window is positioned higher than another, thermal force will direct the airflow from the high window to the discredit window creating good ventilation.Courtyards, patios, and verandas are other common features of heritage buildings in the old city of Ghadames. With high walls, these outside areas provide shade and a relaxing environment for their inhabitants for social gatherings, evening entertainment, food preparation, and home(prenominal) work such as laundry. Another way to provide shade in a more aesthetically pleasing way is through greenery. For example, trees, shrubs, and bushes provide natural shade from the sun while free the courtyard area a pleasing look. Why are these outside areas so important? They are important because essential functions happen outside like cooking and entertaining. The outside environment in tropic regions is just as important as the inside because it is a daytime relief from the intense climate. This beautiful architecture is worthy to investigate by study.This research is important because it focuses on heritage conservation which generates significant benefits to the economy. Based on the literary productions, be nefits of the conservation of the heritage buildings are many. Economical benefits are considered one of them. Several studies confirmed that historic conservation yields significant benefits to the economy. In other words, these studies revealed that historic conservation is considered as an economic development tool. Namely, it yields significant benefits to the economy. For example Rypkema (1991) compared the relative costs of building conservation versus new construction, and found that building conservation makes more economic sense than new construction. Another study by Wolf et al (1999) where the researchers reached the same conclusion by Rypkema (1991). They found that in many cases it is more efficient and profitable to preserve historic buildings than construct a new building. In addition, A Colorado Historical Society report (based on an economic study conducted by Clarion Associates, et al, (2002) began, Studies across the country have shown that historic preservation a cts as a powerful economic engine, creating tens of thousands of jobs and generating significant household income. On this basis, this research is deemed very important because it helps to develop tourism resources and exploitation of the architectural patrimony through re-using them and creating jobs.The significance of the research appears also from its main objective. As mentioned previously, this research attempts to develop conservation guidelines for the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames. According to the literature, conservation guidelines should be developed to control changes done by conservation works on heritage buildings and to prevent random conservation works that lead to deterioration of the heritage building. A research by Itma, (2007) confirmed that issuance of book of instructions for maintaining heritage buildings such as obtaining the official demobilization to change or demolition or addition of a supplement of the heritage building is very importa nt. Therefore, conservation guidelines ensure a better way to preserve heritage buildings. It is a good tool for protecting heritage areas. Accordingly, this research is considered very important.Research ContributionsThe following contributions can be highlighted from this researchThis research is expected to give a contribution in providing policy and guidelines that will become the future reference for other heritage buildings located in the desert region. In addition, the appropriate conservation guidelines provided by this research can be used by the curator and building contractors to guide them through conservation works.The investigation into this area increases the understanding of the role of conservation guidelines to protect heritage buildings and contribute to the literature by extending the current body of knowledge on this issue.The study can be benefited by policy maker, professional urban planners, architects, and historians. This study attempts to adopt historic c onservation policies for heritage buildings in Libya. Therefore, policy maker may utilize findings of this study in determining their policies and practices.1.8 Organisation of the ResearchThe research is organised as followsChapter One, Introduction, provides background to the research and delineates the structure of the thesis. It presents research issues including the research problem and outlines research questions. The Chapter exhibits the research objectives which establish the purpose of the study, considers potential limitations, discusses significance of the research and outlines the contributions of the research findings.Chapter Two, Literature Review, reviews the relevant literature regarding conservation of heritage buildings. It discusses international organisations that have an interest with heritage buildings, approach of architectural conservation and heritage buildings. In addition, the Chapter outlines conservation theory related to this research.Chapter Three, Res earch Methodology, explains the way, which is selected for this independent study to show the applied research method in this part. It gives an understanding of how the practical work and data collection has been conducted, as well as how the results have been analysed. It describes the research methodology base on the literature review in Chapter Two.Chapter Four, The Overview of the Old urban center of Ghadames, outlines the case study of the old city of Ghadames. It provides background information on the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames. The Chapter discusses also the Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) of the World Heritage Site of Ghadames and shows the heritage sites added to the World Heritage List in Libya.Chapter Five, Case Studies, is dedicated to case studies. Some international experiences are addressed in this Chapter to benefit from them to achieve objectives of the research in chapter one.Chapter Six, Analysis and Findings, offers an in-depth discussion o n the development of the conservation guidelines for the heritage buildings of the old city of Ghadames.Chapter Seven, Conclusions, discusses the outcome of the research (i.e. Design guidelines). It also provides a discussion for the testing of research objectives.

Richard Hamilton Artist Analysis

Richard Hamilton Artist AnalysisShae EakrightClipping images from American magazines, Richard Hamilton creates an image of a home that challenges viewers to acknowledge the materialistic thoughts that consumed their minds. As a photomontage, Just What Is It That Makes Todays Homes So Different, So openhearted?, contains several images cut from different sources and appears to be inspired however much by the style and specialty of the Dada Movement. The economy in Britain at the time Hamilton created this piece was suffering from the war. The British slew were leftfield with few consumer indulgences. As a result of this, the British people appreciated the advancements in technology and the sess amounts of consumerism prove in America. Richard Hamilton is just one of the many British artists who embraced and admired American culture, using it in his art to depict on of the themes of the Pop Art Movement.First it is important to note the setting that is illustrated in this image. It is clear that the figures are placed in a home. By looking into each of the objects, we can set out that it is probably a living room. Hamilton has agreeed several features to this get of art that help viewers identify it as a living room, and multiple consumer products that were growing in popularity at the time. There is a couch in the lower right hand corner as well as a couple lounging chairs found around the room. One of the chairs has a newspaper laying open draped over the armrest. A coffee table is placed in front of the couch and supports a teacup and coaster, a napkin, what appears to be a pastry, and a couple books. Next to the couch and the coffee table is a television with a bowling ball on fruit sitting on top of it. The TV is on and showing either a show or an ad with a beautiful womanhood, wearing a pearl necklace, talking on the phone. A side table sets next to the chair in the center of the image and holds a lamp and a decorative plant. A couple other deco rative plants are placed in the room in other areas as well. An area rug with an unusual pattern fills much of the floor. There is a staircase leading up to a door on the left of the image. On the staircase is a woman using a Hoover pointlessness cleaner. Framed photos and posters hang on the breakwater. Besides the woman on the staircase there are devil main figures that occupy the room.Hamilton also made sure to add some features and items that wouldnt be found in the typical living room to make viewers chief the automatic assumption that this is a living room. To start, the living room is not sheltered by a ceiling or roof instead there is an opening that shows an enlarged image of the earth in space. The unusual rug covering the living room floor is actually an distant view of people covering a beach. Besides the lack of a ceiling, there are several other niggling details that stand out, making this an unusual interpretation of a living room. There is a immortalise record er sitting in the middle of the living room floor. A canned ham rests on the coffee table, acting almost like a vase or decorative sculpture. The Ford logo covers the large than normal lampshade that is near the center of the image. Instead of art or pictures of family members, the framed photos on the wall are a large comic book poster and a traditional nineteenth vitamin C portrait. The comic book poster is titled young Romance and shows an idealized woman standing noneffervescent with a man holding each of her arms and another man standing behind the two of them. The large window on the side of the wall containing the door opens up to reveal a theater. The vacuum being used reaches from the floor level to the top of the staircase and has an arrow pointing to a spot virtually half the length of the hose that states, ordinary cleaners reach only this far. The two main figures in the image are out of place for the environment they are place in. The man positioned slightly off- centered is standing in a body builder pose and looking directly at the viewers. He is wearing only his underwear and is holding a giant Tootsie Pop. The Tootsie Pop has the word POP printed on it in big letters possibly referencing the art movement that this piece is associated with. The sucker appears to be pointing in the direction of the female figure that is seated on the couch. The woman is only wearing a lampshade on her head and couple small pieces of fabric barely covering her breasts. She is situated in a suggestive pose that appears to be very uncomfortable for relaxing on the couch.Hamilton provides viewers with a work of art that includes several topics such as male and female stereotypes, consumerism, mass media, and new developments in technology.

Unilever Multinational Company Analysis and Breakdown

Unilever Multinational Company Analysis and BreakdownUnilever is a multinational consumer output manufacturing giant operating in everyplace hundred countries each(prenominal) told around the globe. Unilever Bangladesh is the Bangladesh chapter of Unilever, where the federation holds 60.75% sh atomic number 18 whereas the Government of Peoples Republic of Bangladesh holds 39.25% shargon.Unilevers one of the around popular give away is lx. They constituents lux.s food mart according to geographical places. It farther unathe correspondings ofiates these segments into Socio economical pack (SEC) which takes into account the criteria of education and profession which at recollective last measures the financial superpower of consumers. The cluster is divided into five split starting from A to E. Unilever targets the urban and sub urban upper philia twelvemonth and heart class segment of the population, who falls under A to C of SEC.Tactical commercialise tools, 4 Ps, atomic number 18 extensively utilise by the company to commercialise lux. though lx is produced in Bangladesh, Unilever Bangladesh maintains the same standard all around the globe. The harvest is available in sextet unalike fragrances under three variant sizes. Since the demand for smasher scoopful market is to a great issue oligopolistic, variations in footing lead to scathe war which can ultimately break down the companys market share. Thus Unilever cannot provide a reform bell than its competitors. still the price is inexpensive by most of the people. Unilever Bangladesh has outsourced its dispersion channels to third personay distributors which allow them to distribute sixty in massive bulks amounting to around ten million pieces. It undertakes the largest promotional activities in the sweetheart slash industry.The peach tree cleanse industry has a few study producers of which Unilever holds market share of slightly less than 50%. Other competing r ats like Tibbet, Aromatic and Keya have started to have a strong consumer base, but LUX.s result features distribution and promotional activities have created amply chump devotion for which it is smooth the market leader.Unilever, with the aid of its heavy promotional activities, has been able to penet post the market. But the other producers in the industry are represent a holy terror towards Unilevers market share as they have moved towards the boorish crowd together of the population. Therefore, Unilever Bangladesh should undertake further steps such as moving towards the sylvan and/or poorer segment attract children (by making a special intersection point for kids) and other innovative promotional activities to retain its command in the industry.1. excogitationUnilever is one of the worlds largest and leading multinational companies Unilever commenced their business activities on a big scale by setting up their first factory in kaleherlands, in the year of 1872. Operating in Bangladesh for over the last tetrad decades the company is trying to significantly contribute towards the augmentation of the standard of living by bringing world class high timber wares at the penetration step of their customers. The usage of Unilever yields by over 90% of the people in Bangladesh stands a testimony to their successful operation. . Their array of reapings show that they produce dwelling care, fabric cleaning, bark cleansing, skin care, oral care, hair care, personal grooming, and tea leaf based beverage harvest-feasts under worldwide famous brand names Wheel, LUX, Lifebuoy, Fair Lovely, Ponds, Close Up, Sunsilk, Lipton, Lipton Taaza, Pepsodent, All Clear, Vim, Surf Excel, and Rexona.2. Objective of this narrationThis report is an outcome of an analysis of marketing strategies used by Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. The main character of the report is to find what strategies the company uses to market its world famous strike exclusive, LUX, in Bangladesh the positive and negative aspects of those strategies. The report further analyzes the position of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. in the toiletry industry in comparison to its competitors. The report discusses the process of victimisation market segmentation, target marketing, the product, pricing, promotional and distribution strategies and a competitive analysis.2.1 methodological analysis of this reportFor accessibility and availability of information we have chosen to civilize on the strategies of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. As the company operates in the market with a massive number of products in different industries, we have decided to snap on one of their world wide successful brands, LUX. Most of the information used in this report is from primary sources. The main source of information was the focus group discussion. In addition information was also collected from websites.3. convergence Category, marketplace breakdown, Target Marketing and PositioningThis chapter describes the phratry of the selected product. The chapter is organized into quartet sections. Section 1 states under which category the product falls. Section 2 describes how Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. differentiates the population and categorizes them into different segments. Section 3 analyzes which segment the company targets and wherefore they target that specific segment. Finally section 4 describes the process with which the company tries to capture a place in the buyers mind i.e. the product positioning method.3.1 overlap CategoryLUX falls under the category of toiletry product as a beauty soap.3.2 Market SegmentationThe company claims that LUX is the highest selling beauty soap in Bangladesh. besides rough survey reports also reveal the same result.though LUX is the highest selling beauty soap in Bangladesh, it does not go for handed-down mass marketing. Moreover as a beauty soap LUX does not even segment its market according to gender. rule 2.1 (P-9) shows that Unil ever Bangladesh Ltd. segments their market according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and rural area consumers.The company further differentiate the geographical segments according to Socio Economic Cluster (SEC) i.e. education and Income. The control board 2.1 (P-9) overleaf shows the Socio Economic Clusters the company uses.The SEC divides the population in five segments starting from A to E, where A categorizes the highly educated and high income earners holders, and consecutive in descending order E categorizes the opposite.3.3Target MarketFigure 2.1 (P-9) shows that urban and sub urban middle class, and rural poor people are the largest part of Bangladesh population. A question carried out by Unilever Bangladesh reveals that urban sufficient people are more likely to buy imported and high-ticket(prenominal) products. Moreover rural poor people tend to buy dirt cheap products even without evaluati ng its forest. However urban and sub urban upper middle and middle class people tend to buy cave inable and flavor products.LUX is not a highly expensive but an affordable product. That is why the company targets urban and sub urban upper middle and middle class people who are the second highest population of segment of the country. From the segmentation of customer according to SEC they target category A, B and C, be shake they are assumed to be financially well-off and can afford to buy LUX.3.4 Product PositioningUnilever Bangladesh Ltd obtained a good position in the buyers mind through go product attributes, price and quality, offering the product in a different centering than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers mind as the best quality beauty soap.The market share of the company in the beauty soap industry is somewhere arou nd 43%.Since in the beauty soap industry all products are of same price Unilever cannot provide its consumers with correct price but it is in a great position in reference with its packaging, fragrances and product designing.A positioning map of the company is shown Figure 2.2 (P-10) to describe LUXs position in the consumers mind on two dimensions, price and quality.Figure 2.2 (P-10) has been drawn with information gathered by accepting a consumer survey. It states that though in comparison to its competitors the pricing of LUX is same but consumers rate it as the product which gives them the highest quality. This positioning created a strong customer loyalty for LUX, for which it the market leader in the industry.4. Using the Tactical Marketing ToolsThis chapter describes the way Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. use the tactical marketing tools for marketing LUX in Bangladesh. The chapter comprises of quatern sections. Section 3.1 discusses the product attributes of LUX. Section 3.2 vi sualizes the price of LUX according to different size. Section 3.3 conceptualizes the distribution channel of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. This section includes a table that shows the location of the companys warehouses all around the country. Finally section 3.4 discusses the promotional activities that the company undertakes for LUX.4.1 ProductLUX is an externally renowned beauty soap brand of Unilever. Though manufactured in Bangladesh for the local market by Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, as an international brand, it maintains an international quality for the product. Formula given by Research and exploitation departments in foreign countries, LUX is produced in Bangladesh from imported raw materials like sodium soap, glycerol and different extracts according to flavors, coming from Unilever plants situated abroad.LUX is offered in Bangladesh in six different flavors which are LUX perk up Honey, LUX Golden Glow, LUX Nature Pure, LUX Orchid Touch, LUX Almond Delight and LUX Aqua Sparkle . Taking into account the thingummy of its customers, the company manufactures all flavors of LUX in three different sizes, 40gm, 80gm and 120gm.4.2 expenseThough Unilever Bangladesh gives its LUX customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the beauty soap industry. apricot soap is a product with a assailable demand in Bangladesh. A change in price has a high risk of creating price war among the contends which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Table 3.1 (p-10) compares Luxs price with its major competitor. Company carries out research on competitors price and brand loyalty when it feels extreme necessaity of chaging price. The brand loyalty test is an exploratory research which is known as marque Health Check-Up (BHCU).4.3 PlaceUnilever Bangladesh Ltd. has a ample distribution channel for LUX all over the country as its sales reach more than 10 milli on pieces a year. The company has six vast warehouses, one in each division of Bangladesh, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Kalurghat factory. Table 3.2 (P-10) shows the location of its six warehouses in Bangladesh.The company does not use its own fleet of get off for distributing its product. However, it has outsourced its distribution process to various third party distributors, exclusively consecrate to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. These distributors then supply the product all over Bangladesh to a extensive number of retailers. Even though LUX targets the urban and sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over Bangladesh because of a youthful increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population.4.4 PromotionUnilever Bangladesh undertakes huge promotional activities to promote LUX which has go past the beauty soap industry of Bangladesh. It spends almost 20% to 25% of its Net Proceeds from Sales (NPC) of LUX for promotional activities for LUX 1Its genuine yearbook promotional campaigns like LUX Channel i thaumaturge and LUX Channel i Annual Cinema Awards has made the product a part of the glamour world. Since the 1930s, over 400 of the worlds most stupefy and sensuous women have been proudly associated with Lux advertisements. They do not only when promote LUX in Bangladesh for the beauty conscious females, it also promotes the brand for males and the company proved that, by including world famous male notoriety Shahrukh Khan for their advertising campaign.Unilever Bangladesh Ltd spends a huge amount of money for promoting LUX through TV commercials, newspaper advertisements and billboards. Moreover it also undertakes small promotional campaigns at different schools, colleges, universities and recreational parks with winners of its Zonal yellowish pink Contests. savings bank now promotional activities of LUX has always been successful which has made it a household c ommon name and helped it reach almost one cardinal taka sale value in the year 2004 2.5. Analyzing the Market for LUXFor better comprehension of Unilever Bangladesh, its marketing strategy, product quality, positioning and placement, we present here a comparative analysis of its competitors. This part of the report illustrates the market share of different companies in the beauty soap industry.5.1 Market partake inThe beauty soap industry in Bangladesh consists of only seven major producers. Unilever Bangladesh Ltd is operating in the industry with its world famous brand LUX. Out of these giant companies Unilever Bangladesh Ltd is the market leader with a share of around 43%.Figure 4.1 (P-11) shows the market share of all the companies in the sector. Unilever Bangladesh Ltd is leading the market. The other competitors are truly competitive among themselves but they cannot put a intense competition with Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, as they have market share much less than Unilever Ba ngladesh Ltd.Table 4.1 (P-11) overleaf shows a detailed description of the major competitors in the market, their operating brand, estimated annual sales revenue and market share.Other companies in the industry are not as big as Unilever Bangladesh Ltd but they are posing threat to the company by a tendency of a lingering increase in their market share. Kohinoor Chemicals which is operating with the brand name Tibet is an exceedingly famous brand to the rural segment of the population and possess a significant share in that segment which is the largest population group in Bangladesh. Moreover Keya Cosmetics Ltd operating with the brand name Keya and Marks Allys Ltd operating with the brand name Aromatic are also develop brands to two the rural and sub urban segment of the population.Moreover a recent coup of Aromatic by multinational consumer product giant MARICO who operates with famous brands in other industries like Parachute Coconut Oil is posing to be a threat to Unilever Bangladeshs market share.6. Conclusion RecommendationThe beauty soap industry of Bangladesh consists of a few producers in the industry. The demand for this product is very much vulnerable in terms of pricing. Unilever Bangladesh is providing LUX. at a price which is affordable to most of the people in the country. dish aerial soap is an uprising product in Bangladesh as a greater portion of the population, both male and female, are now getting more beauty conscious. As a multinational company Unilever Bangladesh with heavy promotional activities, has been able to traverse the market.With six different fragrances, three different sizes, international standard and high quality design, as a product, LUX has been highly successful over the years. Its distribution process is highly efficient. Its promotional activities, like the beauty struggle has been a milestone in attracting a huge number of customers. overall with its marketing activities LUX has been a successful brand.The on ly place where rival companies are progressing is in giving customers redemption offers. Research revealed that Bangladeshi customers are highly attracted to this sort of offers. These offers are not sustainable in the long run but still it takes away a considerable part of LUXs sale in the short run.In this chapter the team would suggest some recommendations to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. to catch more successful operation in Bangladesh. Since a huge portion of the rural poor people is demanding LUX in recent days, Unilever Bangladesh Ltd should expand their target market also towards the rural people. They should also conduct different promotional activities in rural fairs and socially responsible promotional activities to attract rural consumers and social awareness .Because Lux has different skin type soap so now if they provide different types of beauty soaps for male and female soapunder the same brand name i.e. LUX it index increase their sales. Lastly, as Bangladeshi culture children have a huge say in shopping so they should also promote the product to children like their another brand Dove. These are the recommendations suggested by teem members to Unilever Bangladesh Ltd. to adopt for a more successful operation in Bangladesh with large market share.7. AppendicesUrban RichUrban and Sub Urban Upper pith and marrow ClassRural Poor(Figur2.1) Market Segments 1.Socio Economic ClustersABCDEIncomeHigh IncomeUpper Middle take IncomeMid Level IncomeLower Middle IncomeLow Income educationHigh Level of Education educate Slightly Less than Cluster AEducated Slightly Less than Cluster BEducated Slightly Less than Cluster CVery Low Level of Literacy(Table 2.1) Socio Economic Cluster Segmentation 1(Figure 2.2) Positioning MapBrandLuxAromatickeyaTibet(Table 3.1) Comparative scenario of soaps priceDivisionLocation of storage warehouseDhakaDhaka urban centerChittagongKalurghat Heavy I/ASylhetSylhet CityRajshahiRajshahi CityKhulnaKhulna CityBarisalBarisal City(Tab le 3.2) Location of Unilever Bangladesh Ltds Divisional Warehouses 1.(Figure 4.1) Market theatrical roleSl. No.CompanyBrand NameYearly Market Share on Toilet Soap1Unilever (BD). LtdLux International Beauty SoapTk. 312 Core43.33%2Square (Toiletries Division)Meril Beauty Soap48 Core6.663Keya Cosmetics Ltd.Keya Beauty Soap72 Core10.00%4Aromatic Cosmetics Ltd.Aromatic Beauty Soap48 Core6.66%5Lily Cosmetics Ltd.Lily Beauty Soap72 Core10.00%6Kohinoor Chemical Co.Tibet Beauty Soap72 Core10.00%7Marks Allys Ltd.Camelia Beauty Soap60 Core8.35%8Others36 Core5.00% essential Market720 Core100%(Table 4.1) Estimated Annual Sales Revenue and Market Share .

Effect of Solar Magnetic Field (SMF) on Solar Radio Flux

Effect of solar Magnetic Field (SMF) on solar piano tuner receiver Flux authorship published in the proceedings of Conference on Recent Trends of look for in Physics (CRTRP 2012) Page no. 85-91, 2012, ISBN 97881904362983.1. IntroductionThe solar use appears to be straightforwardly associated with the strong and complex solar charismatic subject subject area.The spacious solar charismatic subject field is a result of the f low-toned of plasma currents indoors the solarize, which impel charged protrudeicles to move roughly from one of the solarizes poles to another. The mean charismatic field is the strength of the longitudinal portion of the photospheric magnetic field averaged across nearly all the visible cerebral hemisphere of the Sun. The suns magnetic field has the remarkable property that it is not distributed uniformly, but concentrated in mix ropes which appear on the depict up of macular areas, plages and network. Hale first implant the depict of strong ma gnetic field in the macule from the Zeeman splitting (Hale 1908). Sunspots are the seats of the strong magnetic field and the field strength of a large macula discharge be as high as 3000 Gauss. Due to the strong magnetic field internal the sunspot, the convection is inhabited and the region becomes relatively cooler and therefore darker compared to its surrounding region. So sunspots can be treated as the stovepipe manifestation of the Suns magnetic field (Solanki 2003). accede 3.1.1. solar magnetic field (Image credit- http//www.nasa.gov)The variances of sunspot physical body permit well-established expirations of about 11 years (Hathaway et al.2002). The design of magnetic activity round of drinks is twice as that of sunspot oscillation, about 22 years on average (Hale et al. 1919). close to of the solar activity parameters vary consistently with the sunspot cycle. Among these parameter solar piano tuner move is one which has its own importance in Radio Astronomy a s the precise teaching about its dismission from its profligate region provides the details about the temperature, constituents, density, ionization, magnetic handle and the physical constitution of the various sources inside solar structure (Kundu, 1965).Thus to diagnose the solar standard pressure and the magnetic energy release in solar aureole, piano tuner observations serve as a powerful tool. The piano tuner conflate has its blood line from atmospheric layers high in the solar chromospheres and low in the solar corona, though the accurate level of origin is not yet richly known (Kane, 2003). Observations at contrasting receiving set frequencies provide the information about the various depths and the physical structure on the solar atmosphere.Accurate effortless(prenominal) tuner aggregatees at disparate frequencies are really useful for the pick out of solar physics of the distinguishable layers of solar atmosphere (Zieba, 2001). Many workers support per formed correlational statistics coefficiental statistics and spectral depth psychology of solar piano tuner feed variants (El-Raey and Scherrer, 1973). Watari (1996) canvass solar receiving set procession at several frequencies to investigate their irregularities, conviction variation and solar coronal activity at several(predicate) heights. Kane et al. (2001), Vats et al. (1998) and Mouradian et al. (2002) apply the solar radio liquifyes at different frequencies to ask the coronal rotation period at different heights and its differentiality as a office of the altitude. Meheta (2005) has analyse the relationship of rotation period with different phases of solar cycle.It is already evident in the literature that various absolute frequency bands in the spew starting from 245 megacycle to 15400 megacycle originate from different layers of solar atmosphere starting from lower chromospheres to upper corona as illustrated in the skirt 3.1. Thus study of radio amalga mate at different frequencies within this range provides the information about different layers of solar atmosphere.Table 3.1. distinguishable radio frequencies and their origin in solar atmosphereThe quiet Sun emission at different frequencies contains information about densities and temperatures in different layers of the solar atmosphere (Watari, 1996). It is one of the prime reasons of studying solar radio emission at different frequencies during the solarFigure 3.1.2. Monthly variation of sunspot number for the year 2009. (Image credit- http//www.greatdreams.com/solar/2009/ musculus quadriceps femoris-weather-december-2009.htm) stripped period which provides an probability to the scientific corporation to study the physical carriage of solar atmosphere. It in addition provides very useful information about the temperature and the conformity of the solar corona (Kundu, 1965). Thus the study of solar radio emission during the minimum period serves as an important tool for the study of solar corona. The current minimum of cycle 23-24 has been treated as a peculiar minimum characterized by reduced polar field strength, extremely low level of solar activity and extending for longer duration (Gopalswamy et al, 2012). Various solar indices like F10.7 cm, EUV flux, solar wind etc. behaved unusually during this minimum. Even the ionosphere also showed an anomalous behavior (Eduardo et al, 2011). The boundary between the Earths upper atmosphere and space also moved to an extraordinary low altitude (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/12/081215121601.html) during the period. This fount of unusual behavior of this minimum has created the interest among the solar science community to receive a rigorous study on this period. The microwave ignitor temperature during this minimum was substantially diminished compared to the 22-23 minimum which is also consistent with the drop in solar magnetic field strength (Gopalswamy et al, 2012). Basu (2010) found the evid ence of difference of Suns internal structure during the current minimum from the minimum of previous cycle. During the minimum period, the 2800 MHz radio flux showed an anomalous behavior in its correlation with Sunspot number (Tapping, 2011). In the scope of above peculiarities of current solar minimum, it is interesting to see the variation of correlation of solar radio flux at several frequencies with sunspot number during this period.In this chapter the preliminary results regarding the study on the relation of solar radio flux and solar magnetic field parameters have been presented. Here the frequency dispersions of correlation coefficients of solar radio flux with sunspot number and solarmagnetic field have been investigated for solar minimum and maximum period. We have also make analysis of periodic variation of basal component of solar radio emissions.3.2. ObservationHere we studied the behavior of solar radio flux for the extended solar minima of solar cycle 23 (2009). F irstly, we calculated the correlation between the solar radio flux and Sunspot number which is the index number for measuring the variability of these two solar activity parameters. We have found the correlation coefficient at eight frequencies (245, 410, 610, 1415, 2695, 4995, 8800, 15400 MHz) using data from Sagamore Hills radio Solar observatories. For the calculation of correlation coefficient, we excluded the points from dataset of those radio fluxes, which are having values greater by 40% of the average flux value of a day. It has been do for neglecting sudden variation in flux collectable to several casual activities. The correlation coefficients are speckleted in figure. 3.2.13.2.2. correlation coefficient coefficient between the sunspot and radio flux Many workers (Das and Nag, 1999, Das and Nag, 1996) have shown that the frequency distribution of correlation coefficients of the solar radio flux and Sunspot numbers follows a pattern. We have calculated the correlation coefficients for solar maximum (2001) and minimum (2009) of solar cycle and found that the frequency distribution of the correlation coefficients does not show the similar pattern as has been describe in the literature. During the maximum period the correlation coefficient is highest for 1415 MHz but in minimum its highest for 2695 MHz. In literature also it has been reported that the correlation coefficient attains its maximum value at Figure 3.2.1 Frequency distribution of correlation coefficients of solar radio flux and sunspot number2695 MHz as it is very close to the 2800 MHz (Das and Nag, 1996). But during the solar maximum period the highest correlation has been found for 1415 MHz while at solar minimumperiod it is for 2695 MHz. or else that this subsequently 2695 MHz there is a decline in the correlation coefficient of high frequencies for maximum period where as for minimum period the trend isFigure 3.2.2 Frequency distribution of correlation coefficients of solar radi o flux and sunspot numbernot same as the 8800 MHz shows a correlation which is greater than for 4995 MHz.Rather than this the variation of correlation coefficient has also been chequered for different solar minimum period. Das and Nag, 1996 has already reported the correlation coefficient of the radio flux and the sunspot number for the 1975, 1986, 1996 minima. We have compared these correlation coefficients with the obtained ones for 2009 solar minimum. From the plot it can be noted that during this period the value of the correlation coefficient is very low in comparison to the value of the previous three minima.3.2.3. Correlation coefficient between the solar mean magnetic field and radio fluxLike the radio flux and sunspot number, the correlation between the radio flux and solar mean magnetic field has also been checked for this minimum period. It has been found that the values of the correlation co-efficient are very low and the there is a pattern in the variation of the frequ ency distribution of the correlation coefficients.Figure 3.2.2 Frequency distribution of correlation coefficients of solar radio flux and solar mean magnetic field3.3. DiscussionIn this chapter, the relation between the solar magnetic field and the solar radio flux has been investigated. In the foregoing analysis the correlation coefficient of radio emission and sunspot number, has been found to be low with respect to the correlations of other cycles. Where as the correlation of solar mean magnetic field and radio flux is also very low.During this minima period, the frequency distribution of correlation coefficient of radio flux and sunspot number and the periodic behavior of solar radio flux is haphazard whether it has a similar pattern for previous three minima (Das, 1998). The anomalousness in correlation of radio flux with sunspot number dexterity be due to the unusual behavior of the microwaves as it has been already reported for the correlation between 2800 MHz and sunspot n umber (Hudson, 2009).There was a change in activities between photospheric and chromospheric or coronal indices during the later part of cycle 23, through the extended minimum (Tapping, 2011) and the polar magnetic fields of Sun have an important role in shaping the Solar corona and heliosphere around the Solar minimum period when the polar dipole antenna moment becomes leading component of large scale magnetic field of the Sun (Wang and Sheeley, 2002).During this minima period, Suns polar field was 40% less compared to the previous three minima (Wang et al, 2009). Consistently, the corona also retained some complexness during the lowest activity level (Toma et al, 2010a). During the current minimum, the Solar corona neer reached at a simple dipolar configuration (De Toma et al, 2010b) rather the dwarf data showed higher order multi-polar structure (Judge 2010).Thus different magnetic configuration is supposed to give rise to a different geomorphology of Solar corona rather than from the previous three minima. Thus different magnetic configuration is supposed to give rise to a different morphology of Solar corona rather than from the previous three minima. The variation obtained in correlation coefficients pattern could also be due to this complex behavior of Solar corona and heliosphere.3.4. Concluding remarksThe preliminary study presented in this chapter points that during the recent solar minimum, the correlation coefficient of radio emission and sunspot number has been low with respect to the correlation coefficients of previous solar minima. Rather than this the correlation of solar mean magnetic field and radio flux is also found to be very low during this minimum period. During this minima period, the frequency distribution of correlation coefficient of radio flux and sunspot number is ergodic whether it has a similar pattern for previous three minima (Das and Nag 1998).The frequencies studied at the present work for analyzing the characteristics o f Solar radio flux, provide information about the complex behavior of Solar corona and different shape of corona with respect to the previous minima during (Toma et al, 2010b). However we believe that detail investigating with more independent analysis using different parameters is required to critically analyze different Solar features especially during the current minima period to have more insight about the physical processes going on inside the Sun at different conviction scales.ReferencesHale, G. E. (1908), On the Probable innovation of a Magnetic Field in Sun-Spots, Astrophysical Journal, 28, 315.Solanki, S. K. and Krivova, N. A. (2003), Can solar variability explain global warming since 1970? Journal of Geophysical enquiry Space Physics, 108, A5.Hathaway, D. H., Wilson, R. M., Reichmann, E. J. (2002), Group Sunspot Numbers Sunspot Cycle Characteristics, Solar Physics, 211, 1, 357.Hale, G. E., Ellerman, F., Nicholson, S. B., Joy, A. H. 1919, ApJ,49, 153Kundu, M. R. (1965), Solar Radio Astronomy. Interscience Publishers, New York.Kane, R. P., Vats, H. O., Sawant, H. S. (2001), Short name periodicities in the time series of solar radio emissions at different solar altitude, Solar Physics., 201, 181.Zieba. S., Maslowski. J., Michalec. A., Kulak. A. (2001), Periodicities in data observed during the minimum and the rising phase of solar cycle 23 years 1996 1999. Astronomy Astrophysics, 377, 297.El- raey. Mohamed, Scherrer. Phillip (1973), Correlation and spectral analysis of daily solar radio flux, Solar Physics, 30, 149.Watari, S. (1996), Separation of periodic, chaotic and random components in solar activity, Solar Physics, 168, 413.Kane, R. P. (2004), Long term and medium term variations of solar radio emissions at different frequencies, Solar Physics 219, 357.Vats, H. O., Deshpande, M. R., Shah, C. R., Mehta, M. (1998), rotational modulation of microwave solar flux, Solar Physics, 181, 351.Mouradian, Z., Bocchia, R., Botton, C. (2002), Solar activi ty cycle and rotation of the corona, Astronomy Astrophysics, 394, 1103Mehta, M. (2005), Solar coronal rotation and phase of solar activity cycle , Bulletin of astronomical Society of India, 33, 323.Gopalswamy, N., Yashiro, S., Mkel, P., Michalek, G., Shibasaki, K., Hathaway, D. H. (2012), carriage of Solar Cycles 23 and 24 Revealed by Microwave Observations, Astrophysical Journal, 750, 2, L42.Eduardo, A. A, Redmon, R, Fedrizzi, M, Viereck, R, Fuller-Rowell, Tim J. (2011) few Characteristics of the Ionospheric Behavior During the Solar Cycle 23 24 Minimum, Solar Phys, 274, 439.Basu, S. (2010), Differences mingled with the Current Solar Minimum and Earlier Minima, SOHO-23 Understanding a funny Solar Minimum, Astronomical Society of the peace-loving Conference Series, 428, 37.Tapping, K. F., Valds, J. J. (2011), Did the Sun exchange Its Behaviour During the Decline of Cycle 23 and Into Cycle 24? Solar Physics, 272, 337.Das. T. K., Nag. T. K. (1997), Periodicity in the basal com ponent od radio emission during maximum and minimum solar activity, Solar Physics, 179, 431.Das. T. K., and Nag. T. K. (1999), Frequency dependence of the cyclicity of the intensity of the non-magnetic component of solar radio emission, Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society, 303, 221.Hudson. Hugh S., Svalgaard. L., Shibasaki. K., Tapping. K., Microwaves in the recent solar minimum 2009, Hinode-3 3rd Hinode Science Meeting.Wang. Y.M., Robbrecht. E., Sheeley jr. N. R. (2009), On the weakening of the polar magnetic fields during solar cycle 23, The Astrophysical Journal , 707, 1372.G. de Toma, Gibson, S.E., Emery, B.A., and Arge, C.N. (2010a), The Minimum between Cycle 23 and 24 Is Sunspot Number the Whole Story? SOHO23 proceeding Understanding a Peculiar Solar Minimum, 217.De Toma G., Gibson. S., Emery. B., Kozyra. J. (2010b), Solar Cycle 23 An Unusual Solar Minimum? AIP Conference Proceedings, 1216, 667.Judge, P. G., Burkepile, J., Toma, G. D. (2010), Historical eclipses a nd the recent solar minimum corona, SOHO23 Proceedings Understanding a Peculiar Solar Minimum, Astronomical Society of the Pacific Conference Series, Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 428, 171.

Merger between Vodfone and Mannesmann

jointure mingled with Vodf cardinal and MannesmannINTRODUCTIONThe case on spinal fusion between two competing firms- British telecom firm, Vodafone Airtouch and German cellular provider, Mannesmann AG- shall be my highlight of this report. In short, this case illustrates a hostile memorizeover by Vodafone. Vodafone initiates the spinal fusion as it sees it as an opportunity for the firm to expand in a rapidly changing communications technology environment in Europe at that request in time. Initially, Mannesmann rejected the proposal. However, in a twist of event, it was eventually left field with go forth a choice but to fusion with Vodafone. Third parties were enraged as they view this move as anti warlike. They argued that the get together entity would gain governing market great effect, raise barriers to entry and reap economies to descale which they could b bely dream of. The case was brought forth to the European Commission which only allow for the optical fusion to succeed aft(prenominal) Mannesmann de- meld with Orange and in like manner after Vodafone ensured that it give enable trinity companionship non-discriminatory advance to the unify entitys incorporated entanglement so as to provide advanced erratic serve to their respective customers. The Commission viewed these undertakings as sufficient to remove the tilt c at one timerns link up to the inability of threesome parties to provide competitive seamless pan-European roving function.In this report, Ill analyze the economic benefits, how jointure impacts upon consumers and/or producers benefit, as advantageously as, the total welf atomic scrap 18. Ill also touch on how coalescer has the capableness to reduce competition and finally, the reasoning of the competition authoritys finale that leads to the success of the uniting.stinting ANALYSISThe merger between Vodafone is Mannesmann is considered to be a horizontal one since both companies break downs in spite o f appearance telecommunication industry. The merger of the two entities reduces the number of competing firms by one and at the same time, increases the industrial concentration. In theory, a drop-off in number of firms competing reduces supply whilst increasing determines of the good which is deemed to be insalubrious to consumers. The concept of improving/diminishing consumer senseless is further discussed later in the report.It is non always true that fewer firms and higher legal injurys necessarily reiterate into higher profits for the merging firms. For instance, profitability of each firm is in a four-firm industry. So, profits of two individual firms simply add up to . Now, three firms remain after the merger of two. We observe a decline in quality in profitability from to 1/3 for the merged firms. And although higher industrial concentration improves sales, this increase in sales is not enough to trigger the fig up in prices charged. Profitability still declines making the merging firms worse off. Thus, charging at price equals to b are(a) apostrophize provides no incentive to merge unless all firms in the industry merge to form a monopoly.Having mentioned the preceding(prenominal), merger doesnt only take place only when all firms merge. In reality, cases much(prenominal) as Vodafone/Mannesmann showed that mergers can lead to cost reduction. The efficiency that a pilfers could be salubrious enough to drive this merger. Firms entrust want to produce at the negligible point of the AC shorten where theyll be producing efficiently. They avoid duplication of glacial be when they consolidate management and not employing two people to arrange an identical task. By doing so, the firms are able to dismantle their cost of labour. In addition, both firms are only take aimd to pay a mulish cost much(prenominal) as land and operating facilities, only once after the merger. Effectively, a cost saving of the fixed cost pull up stakes inc rease profits, providing an incentive to merge especially when they increase their prices. Hence, the firms whitethorn do away with redundant labour, assets and facilities.As we know, a merger would lead to a rise in price as lesser firms are left competing in the industry. Firms are better off with a higher price imposed on consumers and when they gain from higher producer surplus. The opposite applies for consumers who are worse off when prices increase. When the increase in producer surplus outweighs the diminution in consumer surplus, total welfare is said to acquit increase.However, when the merger reduces marginal cost for Vodafone and Mannesmann, the merged firms may pass on such lower cost to their consumers in the form of lower prices. Lower prices are in general beneficial to consumers. As consumer surplus rise, there allow for be a subsequent increase in total welfare.Moreover, there might once again be cost efficiencies which explain why merged firms can drive a lo wer marginal cost than the two pre-merger firms. Synergies can be easily exploited between the merging firms. Each firm knows what the early(a) firm is capable of doing and thus, they only produce goods and run that give them the competitive advantage. Overall, a fall in marginal cost would mean cost saving that facilitates profitability. This profitability, in turn, promotes merger.Price, PP2P1 = C1C2 Demand, D0 Q2 Q1 Quantity, QFigure 1 Diagram illustrating welfare effects of a cost reducing merger (Adapted from lecture slides)From Figure 1, there is no producer surplus when price equals to cost (P1 = C1). Firms are only earning profits while producing at Q1. At this breaker point, consumer surplus resides in the area under the demand curve and above the C1 horizontal cost curve. After the merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann, lesser firms are left competing and therefore, price increases from P1 to P2. Consumers are gradually worse off with the rise in price. Now, their surp lus is reduced to the area under the demand curve and above P2. The area enclosed within P2, P1 and Q2 is the surplus that is transferred from consumer to producer. On the other(a) hand, the triangular areas under the demand curve, but bounded within Q1, Q2 and P1 signifies the deadweight damage. This deadweight loss refers to the surplus that is no longer gained by consumers and producers.Concurrently, there could be synergies between the merging firms that enable cost saving. This cost efficiency lowers cost from C1 to C2. Firms are better off. As shown in Figure 1, the area enclosed within P2, C2 and Q2 represents total producer surplus after the merger. The area within C1, C2 and Q2 is the surplus gained by producers from synergy that render better opportunities to grow margins.Looking at the above, we see that it is beneficial for firms to merge as they incur producer surplus. check surplus improves as a result of a rise in producer surplus.Moving on, we shall consider compe tition with regards to the merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann. assume that theres no cost saving, a rise in price due to merger allow ultimately erode consumer surplus substantially, to a point where losses to consumer outweigh gains to producers. From the producers point of view, this may provide an incentive for them to want excuses to merge. They may falsify information to convince competition governance to adore merger.Taking the impact of merger into account, competition authorities have to critically decide on whether to approve a merger especially those which mean large firms like Vodafone and Mannesmann. Such decision process will require them to get hold of accurate information which is not always lightheaded to obtain.One main pertain of competition authorities is the size of the merged firm. Markets dominated by large firms tend to further inflate prices and vehemence down consumers welfare. With reference to the case at hand, competition authorities were i nitially reluctant to grant merger to both firms. They were concerned that merger between the two large firms will turn out disastrous as they are already producing beyond Q* due to their sheer size. Approving their merger would only mean that these firms operate beyond the MES. Firms that merge at this stage face diseconomies of scale when cost is driven up as they dwell to increase takings along the AC curve.Cost, C Average Cost, ACMES0 Q* Quantity, QFigure 2 Diagram illustrating Minimum Efficient outgo (MES) on the AC curve.Rival firms powerfully disapprove Vodafones proposal to merge with Mannesmann as they view the move as being anti-competitive. They argued that the merged entity will be able to provide exclusive services on a seamless basis because the merged entity has the integrated network that such services require. In the proposal, however, Vodafone claimed that if an interconnected network did develop it would not give rise to competition concerns, both because there will be scope for such networks to develop, and because there will be other routes for operators to ensure fair competition within the telecommunication industry. In any event, Vodafone considers that other operators will be in a localization to provide seamless services on the same scope in the near prospective.COMPETITION AUTHORITIES DECISIONSThe Commissions probe has shown that with the complexities involved in agreeing on the modification on the existing network configuration, centralised management solutions and cost and profit allocation will agree it exceedingly difficult for third parties to replicate. In addition to the uncertainty as to the replication of the merged entitys network by means of the right compounding of mergers, this process would be extremely costly, time consuming and fraught with regulative delays precondition the need for regulatory approval. This is supported by the significant number of failures over the past years in building equal solutions in related markets within the framework of joint ventures or strategic alliances.The merged entity would be the only mobile operator able to capture future growth through new customers who would be attracted by the seamless services offered by Vodafone/Mannesmann on its own network. Rival firms which could not offer a comparable service to attract enough market shares will cause themselves losing out in the competition. Furthermore, given their inability to replicate the new entitys network, competitors will have, at best, i.e. if they are allowed access to Vodafones network at all, significant costs and performance/quality disadvantages given its dependency on Vodafone/Mannesmann. The merged entitys power to refuse third parties access to the its network or to allow access on terms and conditions entrench the merged entity into a overabundant position and diminishes third party offerings.Whats more, customers would generally prefer Vodafone/Mannesmann to other mobile operators g iven its unrivalled possibility to provide advanced seamless services crosswise Europe. This reinforces the merged entitys position in the industry as a dominant player.And through its unrivalled large customer base and position, Vodafone/Mannesmann will be in a unique bargaining power against handset manufacturers to treat design functionalities unavailable to competing operators. Customizing handsets make it more difficult for roamers from competing mobile operators to take advantage of the advanced pan-European services available over Vodafones network. Again, competitors lose out if the merger were to be approved.Upon investigation the Authorities revealed that the merged entity would face wicked competition from other operators and will not enjoy a dominant purchasing power in the long run. They agreed that the merged entity will be a strong buyer in the market for mobile handsets and network equipment, but there remain many other comparable incumbents competing in the market . So, the merged entity would not achieve the necessary buying power to become dominant on the market.In the light of the above the authorities reason out, the notified transaction does not lead to the creation or strengthening of a dominant position in the global markets for mobile handset and mobile network equipment as a result of which effective competition would be significant impeded in those markets. Meaning to say, the authorities do not view the merger as a significant threat since its powers would have been neutralized by other relevant competitors within the industry.Further precautions were interpreted in ensuring fair competition within the industry as seen in the d turn upr of Orange with Mannesmann. This move aims at diluting the powers of Vodafone and Mannesmann after the approval of their merger. It is a well-received decision as it removes the competitive overlaps in the united Kingdom and Belgian markets of telecommunication services.Besides Vodafone has, on it s own account, pledged to enable third party non-discriminatory access to the merger entitys integrated network that includes undertakings which cover exclusive roaming agreements, third parties access to roaming arrangements, third parties access to wholesale arrangements, standards and SIM-cards and a set of implementing measures aimed at ensuring their effectiveness. On top of that, it has proposed to set up a fast cut dispute resolution procedure in order to solve disagreements in the mentioned aspects and also to reduce its anticompetitive stance. The undertakings as well as demerger is thought to be justifiable since it eliminates the competition concerns linked to the inability of third parties to provide similar competitive seamless pan-European mobile services.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, Vodafones proposal to merge with Mannesmann is seen as an anticompetitive threat to other telecommunication service provider. Rival firms were concerned that the merger would bestow substanti al market power to the merged entity. Thus, they were strongly against the merger proposal. However, after much consideration by the competition authorities, they concluded that the merger would not inflict much threat due to the social movement of a number of strong, large and powerful buyers in the market which bar Vodafone/Mannesmann from achieving dominant position on the cooking of the related services. Moreover, the demerger of Orange with Mannesmann will erode market power of the merged entity. Furthermore, Vodafone submit undertakings that allow third parties access to its networks. Following the implementation of these undertakings, third parties will be in a position to offer competing advanced pan-European mobile services which also prevent the emergence of a dominant position on the provision of these services. The possibility to offer similar services in competition with Vodafone will, in turn, also develop incentives for third parties to develop competing networks. Therefore, the authorities approved of the merger between Vodafone and Mannesmann.To some extent, I disagree that the merger should be approved. The authorities argument that the presence of comparable incumbents will be sufficient in reducing market power of the merged entity comes across as weak to me. Only few of such incumbents operate within the telecommunication industry. Thus, its check on the merged entitys market power is almost negligible. Vodafone/Mannesmann could still operate like a monopoly by setting high prices and reducing output while erecting barrier to entry to deter competition. Consumer welfare would be greatly harmed as a result of the merger.On the other hand, I support the merger as it encourages innovations. In todays competitive society, only the strongest emerge as champions. Therefore, rival firms may invest in Research and cultivation (RD) in creating an innovative communicative technology or network frame that gives it a competitive edge over Vodaf one/Mannesmann existing resources. This encourages a innovative competitive that benefits society as a whole. Producers gain as it may develop ideas to increase efficiency while consumers may gain from by chance cheaper pricing that is passed on to them from lower production cost incurred by producers.APPENDICESEuropean Competition Commission, http//ec.europa.eu/competition/mergers/cases/decisions/m1795_en.pdf, assessed on 11 November 2010Kendall (2010), Markets, Competition and Regulation language Notes Session 8 Mergers and Session 9 Competition PolicyMerger Control and Remedies Policy in the E.U and U.S the case of Telecommunications Mergers, http//www.cerna.ensmp.fr/Documents/GLB-TelecomMergerRemedies.pdf, assessed on 12 November 2010United Kingdom Competition Commission, http//www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/2003/475mobilephones.htmfull, accessed on 15 November 2010Europa Press Release quick Commission clears merger between Vodafone Airtouch and Mannesmann AG with conditions, http//europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/00/373http//news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/630166.stm, assessed on 16 November 2010

A Study On Dividend Signaling Theories Finance Essay

A Study On Dividend star sign Theories Finance EssayIntroductionDividend annunciation is a world-shattering force that is closely scrutinized by a firms important stakeholders such as investors and pecuniary analysts. Typically, dividend proclamation contains randomness that emblems firms net profit condition. Consequently, financial grocery stores may react to these selective information releases by directly affecting the announcing firms neckcloth damage. Finance literature suggests that dividend declaration affects a firms express(a) price. Stock price may react corroboratively or contradictly to dividend resolves. For example, Dewenter and Warther (1998) and Fukuda (2000) both provide tell of a verifying ( veto) merchandise reaction to dividend emergences (decreases). Dividend sign of the zodiac is a tool which investors can role to investigate the impact of dividend announcements on derivation prices.Literature review is cogitate on dividend signboardi ng and more specifically on the effect of dividend announcement to the bloodline price. Relatively to the literature review, it hasnt been directed any seek circumspection intimately dividend sign of the zodiac but it has been contemplated some data-based studies in an order to examine the stock price effect to dividend announcement in real markets. Moreover, the studies will be compargond and reading, based on signaling theory, in an effort to explain further dividend signaling effect.The paper is organized as follows Section 1 describes generally about dividend signaling based on empirical and theoretical evidence. Section 2 describes the analysis of some empirical studies and section 3 concludes the results of these studies.Signaling theoryThe signaling theory claims that dividends should formulate the managers superior inside information about the firms future sugar conditions. approaching earnings and trigger price can change any time, in that locationfore, manage rs utilise dividends as an instrument to signal their superior information about the changes in earnings conditions. (C. subgenus Chen and C. Wu, 1999). Signaling theory in like manner predicts that higher dividends signal better earnings performance and in that respectfore, lead to a higher market cling to of the firm (Kathleen P. Fuller, 2002).There are numeral studies about antithetic scenarios for dividend signaling. Bhattacharya (1979) and Miller and Rock (1985) argue that when there are information asymmetries in the midst of firms and outside shareholders, it is possible to induce a signaling role for dividends. Furthermore, managers are well informed about dividends payments but they dont reveal always the undeniable information about firms positiveness to the shareholders. (As it is ready in M. Donga, C. Robinson and C. Veld, 2005 p. 127)Miller and Modigliani (1961) claim, in their dividend signaling hypothesis, that firms summation dividends to convey positive i nformation about earnings prospects. According to this hypothesis, dividend changes can be interpreted as forecasts of future profitability (as it is embed in K. Harada, P. Nguyen, 2005, p. 504)Campbell and Shiller (1987) state that the stock price reflects all information about future dividends and therefore, stock price forecasts future dividends and any changes in the process of dividends affects the behavior of the future dividend.( as it is build in C. Chen and C. Wu, 1999, p.30)Consistent with theoretical predictions, studies support that when dividends are affixd stock prices consort to increase and when dividends are decreased stock prices tend to decrease. Based on these studies there is a positive correlation amongst dividend and stock price. On the another(prenominal) hand, some researchers argue that there is not any monumental relationship between dividend changes and stock price. Michaely, and Thaler (2002) counter-argue that dividends signal the past and not t he future. (as it is found U. S. Dhillon et al, p.2)2. Stock price reaction to dividend announcementsAccording to financial literature about dividend signaling hypothesis, dividend increasing companies earn positive stock return and dividend diminish companies earn negative stock return. To perceive better this event, it is important to analyze some empirical studies about the market reaction to dividend announcements and to compare their results. Researchers utilise variable models of signaling dividends in an order to examine the influence of dividend announcement in the stock price. These studies attempt to reconcile the theory with the evidence by considering the fundamentals of numerous companies and detailing the context in which the dividend changes takes place. Generally, it has been examined what happens when the dividend increases and when the dividend decreases.REGULAR DIVIDENTSH. DeAngelo et al. ( 1996) incur constructed a sample of 145 large firms by searching Compu stats principal(a) and research tapes for NYSE-listed firms (public utilities, limited partnerships, American depositary receipts (ADRs), and Canadian companies) with a regrets in annual earnings that follows at least ten earnings reports indicating strictly increasing earnings, i.e., after nine or more incidental annual earnings increases. According to this sample, they ache analyzed the stock markets announcement, daylight and over longer panorama (1-3 classs), reaction to firms dividend increases. Sample firms exhaust experienced an economically small, but statistically significant average equity value increase roughly unrivaled-half of 1% when there was an announcement of dividend increase. These findings bode a positive crosstie among stock market views and dividend increases because the information that bon ton provides, justify a higher quality value. (H. DeAngelo et al. ,1996)U. S. Dhillon et al (2003) cede create a sample of 1700 firms (updated on a quarterl y basis) with dividend forecasts in the note value Line Investment Survey. Their analysis contains, among other items, forecasts of the dividend for the current calendar year (and, in some cases, the next year) along with the publication date. Consistent to dividend signaling hypothesis, they take hold focused on the results of stock price reaction, at a two-day cumulative excess return, to dividend announcements using two diametric methods. In their study, they conduct presented the stock price reaction for positive, negative and no dividend changes. Capturing on the segment of the sample that reflects the analysts expectation of a dividend increase, it has been noted a strong market reaction to dividend increases. In other words it has notice that for positive dividend announcements there was a positive stock price reaction. In the case that the dividend decreases, there is a significant negative price reaction meaning that for negative dividends announcements there was a ne gative price reaction. In this study is also be examined the announcements of no dividend changes. The sample, in this case, is divided into three sub-samples (1) positive dividend surprises, when analysts expectations of a dividend decrease did not materialize, (2) negative dividend surprises, when analysts expectations of a dividend increase did not occur, and (3) no dividend surprise, when analysts forecast of no dividend change was met. The results have demonstrated a significant relation between dividend changes and market reaction. Furthermore, whether dividends increase or remain unchanged, a significant positive reaction is observed when announced dividends exceed analysts forecasts. In contrast, a significant negative price reaction is observed when announced dividends are below analysts forecasts, and the price reaction is insignificant when announced dividends oppose expectations. (U. S. Dhillon et al, 2003)K.P. Fuller (2003) has used a sample of firms with un evaluate d ividend increases announced and has examined how the merchandise behavior of various investors affect a firms need to employ dividend changes to signal private information to the market. He has hypothesized that insider grease ones palmsing (selling) prior to a dividend increase is associated with significant and positive (negative) price reactions. The results have supported that the great the measuring rod of informed trading, the lower the price reaction to a dividend signal. Further, the larger the buy demand relative to the sell demand prior to the signal, the smaller the price reaction to an unexpected dividend increase. (K.P. Fuller, 2003)K. Harada and P. Nguyen (2005) have examined the relationship between dividend adjustments and long-term stock returns for a large sample of Japanese firms, over three different holding periods. A very significant issue in the research is the conditions under which the adjustments take place using the model of dividend changes. Based on signaling hypothesis, there is a significant association between dividend changes and resultant earnings. At the 12-month horizon, firms were expected to increase their dividends (about 3.5%) but risk adjusted returns were found importantly negative (about -2.7%). At the 24-month horizon, stock returns were found also negative for the firms that expected to increase dividends (about -2.5%). In this research, it has to be mentioned that the results are much slight significant, at less than 5% level due to the larger distribution of (risk-adjusted) returns.At the 36-month period, the firms that did not present the appropriate conditions for a dividend increase have displayed a negative stock performance of dividend-increasing (about -6.35%). But when the firm was expected to increase the dividend (under appropriate conditions) , there was resulted a significantly positive association between dividend increases and risk-adjusted returns (about +14.5%). Overall, the stock performanc e evaluated over 12-24 months appears that stock returns are ordered with improved profitability only after an extended period of 36 months. That happens because the information presents a good portrait of the company, after 1 or 2 years, and the market participants react positive to this favorable information.On the other hand, in the research was examined the dividend decreases and the relationship with the stock price. The researchers supported that there is a significant positive association between the dividend decreases and stock price. More specifically, at the 12-month horizon, it is noted that dividend reductions are associated with a positive market reaction. (about +2.3%). Over the time, it was observed a significant positive increase association (about 4.5%, from 2.3% at 12-month horizon to 6.8% at 36-month horizon). These results concern firms that decrease their dividends. Regarding the firms that are expected to decrease their dividends, at the 12-month horizon expect ed dividend reductions that have been implemented result a significantly positive abnormal return (about +3.12%) that continues to increase at the 24-month horizon (+5.98%). An provoke observation that is provided among the two types is that only the first type of expected dividend reductions is associated with a positive stock performance, whereas the second type does not generate a significant change in the firms value. (K. Harada, P. Nguyen, 2005)SPECIAL DIVIDENTSBrickley (1982, 1983) has examined how the exceptional dividend announcement relate with the stock price. He supported that when firms announce unanticipated peculiar(a) dividends the stock prices increase by about 2%. According to his study, investors treat limited dividends as hedged managerial signals about future profitability, in a way that unanticipated particulars are associated with weaker stock market reactions than are veritable(a) dividend increases of comparable size. He also claims that regular divide nd increases have a significantly more favorable market impact than do unanticipated specials. (Brickley, 1983)H. DeAngelo et al. (2000) have studied the stock markets reaction to special dividends. Their study indicates that the sign of special dividend changes do not systematically convey significant information. They observed a positive average stock market reaction (about 1%) when firms increase special dividends. The results have shown that the stock market typically reacts positive to the special dividend increases. Furthermore, they found that the stock market typically reacts favorably to the fact that a special dividend is declared (holding regular dividends constant), but that the market reaction is not systematically related to the sign or magnitude of the change from one positive special dividend payment to another. (H. DeAngelo et al., 2000)ConclusionAccording to the dividend-signaling hypothesis (Miller and Modigliani, 1961), firms increase their dividends to signal a growth in subsequent earnings. Moreover, dividend increase announcement may have a significant effect in the stock market price. Therefore, a add up of studies have been examined in an attempt to understand the relation between dividend announcement and stock price.Many researchers have analyzed dividend signaling effect, based on different models, and they have found closely the same results. H. DeAngelo et al. (1996), U. S. Dhillon et al (2003) and K. Harada and P. Nguyen (2005) have found a significant positive association between dividend increases announcement and stock price, contrary to K.P. Fuller (2003) that has found a significant negative association between dividend increases announcement and stock price response.Other researchers have examined how special dividend announcement affects stock price. Brickley (1983) and H. DeAngelo et al. (2000) have resulted that stock market typically reacts favorably to the declaration of a special dividend, holding the regular divide nd constant. Furthermore they have found that the stock market response averages approximately 1%, both when firms increase specials and when they reduce them to a still-positive level. Overall, their data indicate that although special dividends generally convey good intelligence service to investors, any such signaling content is typically small.To assume, the signaling models that have been chosen predict a positive relationship between dividend (regular and special) changes and stock price reaction to the announcement. The results are related with the financial literature, which provides extensive evidence that stock prices react to dividend changes. Even though a great number of researchers have resulted a positive association between the two factors, there is a researcher that has supported a negative association between the factors and that has led some analysts to question the signaling role of dividends. Analysts claim that dividend signaling is a very important issue and that it is related with other factors too. For example, the greater the number of informed traders active in a firms stock, the less apparent it is that the firm needs to signal its intrinsic value. To conclude, analysts must continue to study the dividend signaling effect and more specifically to examine other significant factors associated with dividend announcement.